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2020翻译考试备考资料:抗击新冠肺炎疫情(十)

更新时间:2020-03-25 10:47:40 来源:全国翻译专业资格考试官网 阅读量:

【摘要】 近期多项考试受到疫情影响。你知道关于2020翻译考试备考资料:抗击新冠肺炎疫情的相关信息吗?考必过为大家整理了2020翻译考试备考资料:抗击新冠肺炎疫情,一起来看看吧!

2020翻译考试备考资料:抗击新冠肺炎疫情(十)

四、专有词汇

About COVID-19

1. 不明原因肺炎

不明原因肺炎,是中国卫生部门为及时发现和处理SARS、人禽流感以及其他传染性肺炎提出的一种医学概念。不明原因肺炎送检需满足四个标准:发热(腋下体温≥38℃);具有肺炎的影像学特征;发病早期白细胞总数降低或正常,或淋巴细胞分类计数减少;经规范抗菌药物治疗3~5天,病情无明显改善或呈进行性加重。

2019年12月以来,武汉出现多例不明原因病毒性肺炎病例。12月31日,武汉市卫健委发布通报称,武汉“不明原因肺炎”病例的临床表现主要为发热,少数病人呼吸困难,胸片呈双肺浸润性病灶,收治患者最早发病时间为2019年12月8日。2020年1月7日,该不明原因肺炎病毒病原体被确定为“新型冠状病毒”。疫情发生后,武汉市迅速采取严厉防控措施,包括病例搜索、隔离、指定医院收治、对密切接触者进行医学观察、应急监测等,并果断实施“早诊断、早隔离、早报告和早治疗”的收治方案。

Pneumonia of Unknown Cause

Pneumonia of unknown cause is a medical term coined by the Chinese health authorities for timely detection and treatment of SARS, human avian influenza and other infectious pneumonia. Patients of pneumonia of unknown cause have the following clinical signs and symptoms: fever (axillary temperature is 38 degrees centigrade or higher), imaging features of pneumonia, decreasing or normal leukocyte count or decreasing lymphocyte count in the early stage of the disease, and no significant improvement or even progressive aggravation after standard anti-microbial treatment for three to five days.

In December 2019, more than one case of viral pneumonia of unknown cause was reported in Wuhan. On December 31, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission announced that the clinical pictures of recent cases of “pneumonia of unknown cause” were mainly fever, and a small number of patients had breathing difficulties and infiltration in both lungs. The earliest onset of the disease was on December 8, 2019. On January 7, 2020, the pathogen of this pneumonia virus was identified as “novel coronavirus.”

After the outbreak of the epidemic, Wuhan quickly took strict prevention and control measures, including case finding, isolation, admission to designated hospitals, medical observation of close contacts, and emergency monitoring. The principle of “early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment” was also resolutely implemented.

2. 病毒检测实验

快速准确地检测到病毒是防控的关键。2019年12月31日,国家卫生健康委高级别专家组赴武汉开展相关检测核实工作,初步确定此次不明原因病毒性肺炎病例的病原体为新型冠状病毒。

国家卫健委随即在全国建立“日报告、零报告”制度,同时下发新冠病毒核酸检测试剂盒,要求各地加强检测,全力救治患者,及时发布确诊病例及疫情防控信息。核酸检测是目前诊断新冠病毒肺炎的主要依据。1月22日,国家卫健委明确指出,核酸检测结果阴性不能排除新冠病毒感染,仍需要考虑可能产生假阴性的各种因素。为遏制疫情发展,国家卫健委向全国各省派出工作组,指导做好疫情防控相关工作。与此同时,中国政府主动向世界卫生组织和有关国家及时通报疫情信息和防控工作进展,第一时间与世界卫生组织共享新冠病毒基因序列。

Viral Infection Test

Rapid and accurate detection of the virus is the key to epidemic prevention and control. On December 31, 2019, the High-level Expert Group of the NHC was dispatched to Wuhan, who soon identified that the pathogen of this particular viral pneumonia case was a novel coronavirus.

The NHC immediately established a “daily report and zero report” mechanism throughout the country, and distributed novel coronavirus nucleic acid testing kits, requiring all localities to reinforce testing, make every effort to treat patients, and update the public about the confirmed cases and progress in epidemic prevention and control without delay. At that time, nucleic acid detection was the main basis for the diagnosis of the novel coronavirus pneumonia.

On January 22, the NHC announced that negative nucleic acid test results cannot rule out novel coronavirus infection, and various factors that may falsely produce negative results still need to be considered.

The NHC also sent work teams to different provinces and equivalent administrative regions to guide epidemic prevention and control efforts.

Meanwhile, the Chinese government took the initiative to inform the WHO and relevant countries of the developments of the epidemic and progress in epidemic control, and immediately shared the gene sequence of the novel coronavirus with the WHO.

3. 新冠病毒成功分离

病毒毒株的分离有助于加快研发快速诊断的试剂,对疫苗研制和药物研发具有重要意义。武汉出现不明原因肺炎病例后,中国政府迅速部署开展病毒分析、检测试剂研发和疫苗研制等工作。

中国疾控中心在接到标本后,3小时获得实时荧光定量检测阳性的检测结果,24小时获得病毒全长基因组序列,2020年1月4日成功研制出高特异性检测试剂,1月7日晚分别从临床样本和环境样本中成功分离病毒,1月24日全球首发第一株新冠病毒毒株信息。之后,钟南山团队从新冠肺炎患者的粪便及尿液标本中分离出新冠病毒,此举对公共卫生安全防控具有重要警示和指导意义。2月24日,中国—世界卫生组织新冠肺炎联合专家考察组召开新闻发布会,称目前新冠病毒宿主仍未确定,强调新冠病毒是一种新的病原体,各年龄段人群均无免疫力,普遍容易感染。

Successful Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus

The isolation of virus strains helps to speed up the development of rapid diagnostic reagents, which is of great significance for the development of vaccines and drugs. After cases of pneumonia by unknown cause occurred in Wuhan, the Chinese government quickly deployed the work of virus analysis, research and development of testing reagents and vaccine development.

After receiving the samples, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention obtained positive results of real-time fluorescence RPA in 3 hours and full-length genomic sequence of the virus in 24 hours. On January 4, 2020, a high specific detection reagent was successfully developed. On the evening of January 7, a novel coronavirus was successfully isolated from clinical samples and environmental samples, and the information about the first novel coronavirus strain in the world was released on January 24. After that, Zhong Nanshan’s team separated novel coronavirus from the feces and urine samples of confirmed patients, which has an important warning and guiding significance for public health security.

The WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 held a press conference on February 24, and announced that the host of the novel coronavirus has not yet been determined, the novel coronavirus is a new pathogen, and people of all ages have no immunity and are generally susceptible to infection.

4. 启动Ⅰ级响应

根据突发公共卫生事件性质、危害程度、涉及范围,突发公共卫生事件划分为特别重大(Ⅰ级)、重大(Ⅱ级)、较大(Ⅲ级)和一般(Ⅳ级)四级。这次新冠肺炎疫情是新中国成立以来在我国发生的传播速度最快、感染范围最广、防控难度最大的一次突发公共卫生事件。

疫情就是命令,防控就是责任。自2020年1月23日起,武汉城市公交、地铁、轮渡、长途客运暂停运营,机场、火车站离汉通道暂时关闭。1月24日,湖北省正式启动重大突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级响应。全国先后共有31个省、市、自治区启动“重大突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级响应”,全面备战新冠肺炎疫情联防联控工作。在Ⅰ级响应发出后,国家卫生健康委要求各地交通运输、民航、铁路等部门制定应急处理预案;财政部与国家卫健委联合制定疫情防控经费有关保障政策。随着疫情防控工作取得阶段性成效,全国疫情形势出现积极向好的趋势。按照“防控生产两不误”的要求,全国多地根据实际情况适当调整应急响应级别。

First-Level Public Health Emergency Response Activated

According to the nature, severity and scope of impact, public health emergencies are classified into four levels (I, II, III and IV), with severity decreasing from Level I to Level IV. The novel coronavirus epidemic is a public health emergency with the fastest spread and the widest range of infections, and has been the most difficult to prevent and control in China since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949.

“Go where there is epidemic, fight it till it perishes.” On January 23, 2020, Wuhan’s urban bus, subway, ferry and long-distance passenger transportation was all suspended, and the departure channels of airport and railway stations were also temporarily closed.

On January 24, Hubei province officially launched the first-level response to major public health emergency. Across China, a total of 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government took similar actions and made comprehensive preparation for joint prevention and control of the epidemic.

Consequently, the NHC urged transportation, civil aviation, railway and other departments to formulate emergency response plans. It also worked with the Ministry of Finance and jointly devised policies on allocating funds in support of epidemic prevention and control. As phased results are achieved, the overall situation of the epidemic has shown a positive trend in China. To ensure progress with both epidemic control and production, many places have appropriately lowered their emergency response levels according to the local situation.

5. 病死率

病死率是指在一定时期内,因患某种疾病死亡的人或动物数量占患病人或动物总数的比例,用于描述某种特定疾病的严重程度。2020年2月4日,国家卫生健康委宣布,截至2月3日晚24时,新冠肺炎全国病死率控制在2.1%,病死率低于SARS(全球病死率近11%),高于甲流(1%~1.5%)。2月24日晚,中国—世界卫生组织新冠肺炎联合专家考察组在新闻发布会上表示,新冠肺炎的轻症、重症、危重三类患者分别在80%、13%和6%左右,全国病死率约在3%~4%之间,除武汉之外,全国病死率为0.7%;截至2月20日,新冠肺炎确诊病例平均年龄为51岁,80%的病例年龄在30岁至69岁之间,78%的病例来自于湖北。

随着中医药、磷酸氯喹、恢复期血浆治疗纳入诊疗方案,法匹拉韦、瑞德西韦等药物进入临床试验阶段,新冠肺炎治疗不断取得多项进展。科技部副部长徐南平表示,目前正在多路线部署疫苗研发,部分已进入动物试验阶段,最快将于4月下旬申报临床试验。

Case Fatality Rate

The case fatality rate refers to the proportion of people or animals who die from a disease to the total number of patients or animals suffering the disease within a certain period of time, which is used to describe the severity of a particular disease.

On February 4, the NHC announced that by 24:00 of February 3, the case fatality rate of COVID-19 in China had been controlled at 2.1%, which was lower than that of SARS (with a global case fatality rate of 11%) and higher than that of H1N1 (1%-1.5%).

On the evening of February 24, the WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 announced at its news conference that, approximately 80% of laboratory confirmed patients had mild to moderate diseases, 13.8% had severe disease and 6.1% were critical, and the case fatality rate in China was 3% to 4%, 0.7% with the exception of Wuhan; and as of February 20, the median age of confirmed cases was 51, with 80% of cases aged between 30-69 years, and 78% were from Hubei.

With traditional Chinese medicine, chloroquine phosphate, convalescent plasma therapy adopted into the diagnosis and treatment guidelines, and with Favipiravir, Remdesivir and other drugs heading into the phase of clinical research, sustainable progress has been made in the treatment of COVID-19. Xu Nanping, vice minister of science and technology, said that the vaccine is currently being developed in multiple approaches, some of which have entered animal testing phases and will be submitted for clinical trials as early as late April.

6. 世界卫生组织专家组赴武汉考察

2020年1月20日至21日,世界卫生组织首次派出专家组赴武汉实地考察,就病毒传染性、重症病例和传染源等问题同中方进行交流,确认疫情传播途径出现人传人以及医务人员感染。世界卫生组织赞赏中国主动通报疫情信息和分享病毒基因序列,肯定中国政府在短时间内采取的各项有力有效举措,称道中国快速研究和识别新的病毒种类,认可中国近年来在医学研究能力方面的进展。

2月16日起,中国—世界卫生组织新冠肺炎联合专家考察组在北京、广东和四川三地进行考察。专家组集聚全球多个机构的流行病学、病毒学、临床管理、疫情控制和公共卫生等领域权威人士。2月22日,联合专家组赴武汉继续考察,并与中国流行病学专家合作,调查病毒源头,确认病毒是否已经停止从动物向人类传播。

Field Visits of WHO Experts to Wuhan

From January 20 to 21, the WHO sent a team of experts to Wuhan to investigate the outbreak and communicate with their Chinese counterparts about virus infectivity, severe cases and infection source. The WHO experts confirmed human-to-human transmission of the epidemic and infection among medical personnel.

WHO appreciated China’s initiative to report epidemic information and share the genetic sequence of the virus, approved the strong and effective measures taken by the Chinese government in a very short time, and praised China’s rapid research and identification of new types of viruses. It also recognized China’s progress in medical research in recent years.

On February 16, the WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 began their field visits in Beijing, Guangdong and Sichuan. The team brought together authorities from a number of institutions around the world in the fields of epidemiology, virology, clinical management, epidemic control and public health. On February 22, the experts went to Wuhan to continue inspection. They worked with Chinese epidemiologists to investigate the source of the virus and try to confirm whether the virus had stopped spreading from animals to humans.

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